Effective And Micro Economic Environment †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Effective And Micro Economic Environment? Answer: Presentation Procedure and strategy is significant for a viable large scale and smaller scale financial condition in Sudan. The Sudanese government has had sufficient opportunity to check the business network particularly the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) because of the effect of Multinational companies and Corporate Parent Organization. Because of the quick increment of multinationals in the nation the accompanying has been the impact to the economy; right off the bat, there were a lot of private venture endeavors that were shutting down. To place it into point of view, the independent company utilize a large number of adolescents from tertiary establishments and colleges who are presently confronting the real factors of joblessness because of conclusion of organizations (Aaker, 2001). Also because of expanded conclusion of organizations, the nation is seeing a flood in imports and a reduction in trades that is truly harming the economy and the GDP of the nation. On the off chance that imports rise, the nation goes to be to a greater degree a net merchant prompting more cash going outside the nation than the remote trade cash coming in the nation. A nation which trades more advantages because of increment in its outside trade results to an expansion in net household yield. Thirdly, the pace of joblessness is expanding. Sudan has one of the main GDPs in the sub Saharan Africa. It is positioned seventh in the greatest economies in Africa behind the goliaths like Nigeria, South Africa, Angola, and Egypt among others (Brown and Clinton, 2010). Its populace is likewise expanding implying that absence of production of ventures will just prompt expanded joblessness particularly among the young people. When SMEs close the shops, it implies that formal and casual won't be made and subsequently the legislature must do a great deal in guaranteeing that SME are not packed by multinationals. The procedure is known as swarming out impact where privately owned businesses are constrained out of activity because of government tasks and multinationals interruption. The fourth issue is the residency of MNCs in the nation was diminishing continuously and this was credited to non-reestablishment of exchanging and working licenses. In spite of the fact that MNCs are not the same number of as privately established organizations, they structure a significant piece of the financial biological system in Sudan (Dunning, 2013). The measures that will be set up is to guarantee that the MNCs life is drawn out and making a decent working condition for the multinationals. Multinationals are for the most part influenced by the administration strategies towards their activities. These remember government tax collection for benefits of multinationals, simplicity of activities and full scale and smaller scale financial conditions. Measures and arrangements Flood in imports can be cured inside by the legislature. The administration should make charge motivator gauges with the goal that it might empower all the more assembling of interior items to prod sends out. So also, imports ought to be imposed with high import obligations and assessments to keep them from bringing in the pointless products (Dunning, 2013). On account of the SMEs shutting down there are different approaches that can be advanced by the administration so as to support the business. Initially, the administration ought to decrease charges on new companies to urge numerous Sudanese to start privately possessed organizations. Furthermore, the administration ought to limit the duties demanded on SMEs to prod development and to support it (Lee-Ross and Lashley, 2011). The legislature ought to likewise give motivations and advances to the SMEs with the goal for them to endure the fierce monetary atmosphere and the demure money related organizations. On joblessness, the legislature ought to detail an arrangement to work with the young. For instance, half of the administration agreements ought to be given to the young people who are generally jobless. This will decrease the joblessness as individuals will begin to receive rewards from the administration. Making a young and womens store to assist the jobless with setting up organizations with government concessionary advances is likewise a decent government strategy (Liu et al., 2007). In conclusion the strategy on MNCs progressive end ought to be managed in this manners; These figures feature the numerous challenges looked by little business people in confronting indebtedness, for the most part because of the absence of assets and legitimate dismissal that even leads them to chance their own advantages so as to spare In the frantic business. To forestall these likely terminations, Russell Bedford has built up a decalogue with the most significant advances that these private companies must follow to decipher their money related circumstance and accordingly abstain from giving the last farewell to their organizations. Requesting accounts is more than covering charges. One of the most well-known issues of organizations is the disregard of their records. It is significant that the organization knows consistently in what state are their funds (value, productivity, treasury, and so on.). Make a total scanner of the circumstance of the organization. This will permit a wh ile to be foreseen to a potential indebtedness, sufficient opportunity to take the essential measures. Prune before cutting the storage compartment. The decrease of costs ranges from the disposal of superfluous running costs until the guideline of business, through conclusion of workplaces. Not so much structure but rather more proficient. For its right activity, an organization needs to have the offices that are fundamental and that best adjust to its movement (Onida and Viesti, n.d.). An alluring business consistently draws in accomplices. The absence of financing has guided countless organizations to look for speculators keen on taking part in capital. The sponsorship of one or a few accomplices is consistently an assurance while haggling with banks and leasers. Try not to develop with the cash of others. This was conceivable before the emergency because of the minimal effort and wealth of credit, yet the current circumstance has demonstrated that numerous business people maintained an unsustainable lifestyle. In the event that the business is feasible, it must be imparted. To do this, prompt on build up a possibility plan for those organizations that have anticipated monetary troubles in the coming months and to open that arrangement to their banks with all out stra ightforwardness. Face the leasers. Just by offering face to the leasers will be conceivable to arrive at understandings that permit the endurance, since none is keen on losing clients. Try not to live suffocated. When the installment need between leasers has been built up, the following stage is to set the terms. In the event that the organization can't pay promptly, it must haggle with the lenders a schedule (Onida and Viesti, n.d.). System received by any Multinational Corporation (MNC) and Corporate Parent association This paper presents a hypothetical exercise on the subject of coordination instruments in global organizations, with accentuation on the structure of the connections between the parent organization and the comparing auxiliaries of those multinationals that are situated in business sectors with unpredictable macroeconomic conditions. In this sense, an unpredictable situation is found in those nations whose monetary and political conditions, a long way from being steady and positive, offer a business domain to the auxiliaries introduced in their region where they should confront political and financial flimsiness, legitimate uncertainty , Administrative obstructions, monetary arrangement swings, and an assortment of state controls and guidelines (Price, 2015). This kind of condition is regular to discover in creating nations, as on account of Sudan and other Sub-Saharan countries The coordination components that are tended to in this investigation are explicit to the accompanying hiera rchical structure factors: centralization, formalization and socialization, which are those whose reference is progressively visit in the writing on worldwide organizations. The articulation plan factors will likewise be utilized to allude to them. Additionally, the typology of), built based on the previously mentioned coordination systems and sorting the grid dutiful connections that can be introduced by the intricacy of the earth and the degree of assets that the Subsidiaries. From the writing survey, some hypothetical contentions are introduced on how an unstable domain impacts framework auxiliary relations and talks about the kind of network auxiliary structures that could be found by the grouping. Coordination Mechanisms Coordination instruments in worldwide organizations have been concentrated as a part of universal key administration since they center around administrative and key issues looked by the top supervisors of these organizations, specifically, they are searching for approaches to exploit a few exercises simultaneously. Vital ramifications of both in your countrys financial development and advancement Incorporating various auxiliaries inside a worldwide is one of the principle issues to tackle inside the structure of an enterprise, by uprightness of the various markets where they are available and the correspondence challenges that can emerge; This relies on a very basic level upon two connecting hierarchical procedures: the coordination of exercises and their control. The utilization of these components permits the worldwide to decrease the degrees of vulnerability and affirm that the practices started in the various auxiliaries. The structure and procedure of a Multinational is lean and doesn't bolster a ton of staff. In southern Sudan, multinationals structure a major range for examination. On account of Sudan, the numerous multinationals and their parent associations work in together. They make business chances to local people particularly the young. In any case, it isn't all blushing. A significant number of the multinationals undermine the nation and get their ways without any problem. They undermine the nation that they will leave in the event that they are not rewarded with uncommon contemplations (Pinstrup-Andersen and Watson, 2011). This makes it hard for the administration of Sudan to contend with subject they will end the nations. It is so egotistical to boyco

Artificial Sweetener Aspartame is Generally Safe Essay -- essays resea

Fake sugars are a food added substance that endeavors to copy the flavor of sugar while utilizing less food vitality. Fake sugars can be utilized for weight reduction since they have 4 calories for every gram and are 180 to multiple times better than customary sugar so less is utilized. A few instances of fake sugars incorporate Saccharin, Sucralose, and Aspartame. There is continuous debate whether fake sugars are wellbeing dangers since certain examinations show that they cause illnesses in guinea pigs. The accompanying disscusion will manage one such artfical sugar: Asparatame. Aspartame, under the exchange name of NutraSweet, is a white, scentless, crystalline powder, which is incorporated from aspartic corrosive and phenylalanine. They are two normally happening and basic amino acids. Aspartame was first found in 1969 by a specialist, Mr. James Schlatter, at G.D. Searle and Company. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) endorsed Aspartame in 1981 for use in tabletop sugars and different nourishments and dry refreshment blends. In 1983, Aspartame was affirmed for use in carbonated refreshments and from that point forward, has been endorsed for use in any nourishments and beverages. Aspartame has numerous advantages. It has a fundamentally the same as taste to sugar in any case, in contrast to sugar, it doesn't advance tooth rot. Aspartame doesn't contain numerous calories so it can assist individuals with dealing with their weight. Also, Aspartame doesn’t expect insulin to utilize in this manner it is helpful for patients with diabetes. They can have the advantage of a sweet taste, without hoisting their glucose. Be that as it may, as the expression goes: with the pleasantness of nectar, may come the sting of a honey bee. The security of Aspartame has come into question. The motivation behind why some accept that Aspartame may ... ...adies from Alzheimer’s to diseases to Parkinson’s. Anyway follow-up studies and survey of past clinical investigations presumed that most of genuine sicknesses for which the counterfeit sugars were accused were unwarranted. The couple of worries that were affirmed relied on ingestion of enormous measures of the item. Different concerns, as anxious leg condition and hypoglycemia, are minor affiliations. Olestra, a fat substitute, can be viewed as commonly protected yet with horrendous reactions when food containing the item is devoured in modestly bigger segments than normal. All things considered, for everybody, fake sugars and fat substitutes are protected. An admonition can be made on an individual premise if an individual finds that at whatever point he ingests these items he encounters undesirable side effects, at that point the items ought to clearly be maintained a strategic distance from. Fake Sweetener Aspartame is Generally Safe Essay - papers resea Fake sugars are a food added substance that endeavors to copy the flavor of sugar while utilizing less food vitality. Fake sugars can be utilized for weight reduction since they have 4 calories for every gram and are 180 to multiple times better than normal sugar so less is utilized. A few instances of counterfeit sugars incorporate Saccharin, Sucralose, and Aspartame. There is continuous contention whether fake sugars are wellbeing dangers since certain examinations show that they cause infections in guinea pigs. The accompanying disscusion will manage one such artfical sugar: Asparatame. Aspartame, under the exchange name of NutraSweet, is a white, unscented, crystalline powder, which is orchestrated from aspartic corrosive and phenylalanine. They are two normally happening and basic amino acids. Aspartame was first found in 1969 by a specialist, Mr. James Schlatter, at G.D. Searle and Company. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) endorsed Aspartame in 1981 for use in tabletop sugars and different nourishments and dry drink blends. In 1983, Aspartame was endorsed for use in carbonated refreshments and from that point forward, has been affirmed for use in any nourishments and beverages. Aspartame has numerous advantages. It has a fundamentally the same as taste to sugar yet, in contrast to sugar, it doesn't advance tooth rot. Aspartame doesn't contain numerous calories so it can assist individuals with dealing with their weight. Also, Aspartame doesn’t expect insulin to process hence it is helpful for patients with diabetes. They can have the advantage of a sweet taste, without lifting their glucose. In any case, as the idiom goes: with the pleasantness of nectar, may come the sting of a honey bee. The security of Aspartame has come into question. The motivation behind why some accept that Aspartame may ... ...adies from Alzheimer’s to malignant growths to Parkinson’s. Anyway follow-up studies and survey of past clinical examinations reasoned that most of genuine ailments for which the counterfeit sugars were accused were unwarranted. The couple of worries that were affirmed relied on ingestion of huge measures of the item. Different concerns, as fretful leg condition and hypoglycemia, are minor affiliations. Olestra, a fat substitute, can be viewed as commonly sheltered however with disagreeable reactions when food containing the item is devoured in modestly bigger bits than normal. With everything taken into account, for everybody, fake sugars and fat substitutes are sheltered. A proviso can be made on an individual premise if an individual finds that at whatever point he ingests these items he encounters undesirable indications, at that point the items ought to clearly be kept away from.

Now What - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Now What - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Now What? The RD application/Deferred EA part II deadline is just about to pass, and everyone now starts to get into the mindset of Now what?. Here are a few hints to get you through the next few weeks/months. Patience. Patience is key, as any deadline brings out a rush of supporting materials. We will receive tens of thousands of documents, and we need time to match these items up, enter them into our system, and have them show up on the myStatus page. The myStatus page is not a live feed, so if a teacher recommendation is added to your file right now, it will not show up until at least the next day. If documents were sent prior to you applying, it will take longer to match things up, as we need to do it by hand. As well, some items get split up when we receive a packet, such as a fee waiver form, as different steps need to be taken with different items. A fee waiver, for instance, needs to be handled like a financial transaction, and thus takes a little longer to enter into the system. Same with residency documents/permanent residency cards, etc. You do not need to call/email us if you do not see an item on your myStatus page. Give us 10 business days from when you applied or the documen t was sent (not requested but actually sent), whichever was later. Test Scores. We will take the January SAT for admissions review for this year, but that is the last exam we can use. In addition, you need to make sure to request any scores be sent to us by 1/31, as we have to keep on a timeline in order to get decisions out in a timely fashion. Timelines. Review the Timelines page on this blog, as it can give you more details on when things will occur. We do not have rolling freshman decisions, but instead have three decision release dates. One, the EA decision date in November, has already passed, another small group of admissions offers will go out for RD/deferred EA applicants who meet our Early Action admission criteria (see last years February post for details on this group), and our final decisions will go out in late March. Responsibility. While your parents, your HS counselor, and our office are here to help you with the application process, the ultimate responsibility for your application resides with you. Make sure that we have all the items needed for review, check your emails and myStatus page for details, and make sure that you have a complete application ready for us to review. The worst calls are always the ones from students where we were not able to make a decision, even with our reminder emails, phone blasts and text updates. Take care of your application. Scholarships. From about early December through mid-April, our office will be reviewing files and awarding scholarships to a limited number of admitted students. This is not a quick process, so please be patient as we do this. If you are awarded a scholarship, you will receive a letter in the mail, and email will be sent out, and a scholarship section will appear on your myStatus page. You do not need to call/email about this process, just have patience. Finish strong. Admission to any university does not end with an acceptance and a deposit. It ends after you graduate from high school, when we review your final transcript. Senior year is a time of celebration, but dont take this to the extreme. We will be looking at senior grades and any new conduct issues, so make sure that you finish up your senior year academically and personally on the right note. I do not want to have to call you and ask why your grades tanked during the last semester, and I do not think you want to talk to me either. Keep on track with things. Hopefully this help, and Go Dawgs!

Chapter 7†Net Present Value and Other Investment

Finance for managers Chapter 7— Net Present Value and Other Investment Question 1 : List the methods that a firm can use to evaluate a potential investment. There are discounted and non-discounted cash-flow capital budgeting criteria to evaluate proposed investments. They are 1) Net present value: NPV is a discounted cash flow technique, which is the difference between an investment’s market value and its cost. NPV = Present value of cash inflow- Present value of cash outflow The investment should be accepted if the net present value is positive and rejected if it is negative. 2) Profitability index: PI is a discounted cash flow technique in which present value of an investment’s future cash inflows†¦show more content†¦Question 4 : Using the article from the Sydney Morning Herald, discuss why John Whiteman, the senior portfolio manager at AMP Henderson, can be considered ‘skilled’ in respect of his stock pickings. Why would it benefit fund managers to use discounted cash flows when picking stocks? According to the article of Sydney morning herald, Mr. Whiteman the senior portfolio manager is considered ‘skilled’ because he used to achieve the targets of his designed portfolio, in which most of his assumptions were write. Mr. Whiteman used to forecast for at least 10 years in which becomes less accurate. After plotting, he discounts the value back to today’s dollars in converting the future value into the present value. This in turn benefits the financial managers in knowing the value of the share today and can be easily know the price of the share is over or undervalued in the market today. If the shares are undervalued he can easily make his suggestion or a proposal in the purchase of the shares or vice versa. Mr. Whiteman’s analysis also depends on the credibility of the industry focusing mainly on the different aspects of the company. Question 5 : A firm that pays out 65% of its earnings as dividends has an accounting rate of return of 20%. Its P/E ratio is 10 and its earnings per share are 108 cents. (i) What is the price per share? Price per share (P0) = PE ratio* Earnings perShow MoreRelatedHW FIN 33311360 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿HW FIN 3331 Chapter 9 9.1. Warr Corporation just paid a dividend of $1.50 a share (that is, D0 = $1.50). The dividend is expected to grow 7% a year for 3 years and then at 5% a year thereafter. What is the expected dividend per share for each of the next 5 years? D0 = $1.50; g1-3 = 7%; gn = 5%; D1 through D5 = ? D1 = D0(1 + g1) = $1.50(1.07) = $1.6050. D2 = D0(1 + g1)(1 + g2) = $1.50(1.07)2 = $1.7174. D3 = D0(1 + g1)(1 + g2)(1 + g3) = $1.50(1.07)3 = $1.8376. D4 = D0(1 + g1)(1 + g2)(1 + g3)(1Read MoreFinance As The Science And Art Of Managing Money1518 Words   |  7 PagesPaper Chapter 1 – Introduction to Finance In the book Managerial Finance, it defines finance as the science and art of managing money. Whether we are dealing with finance on the personal or business perspective, the general ideas behind them are inseparable, equally serious and important. Individuals make plenty of decisions, short-term and long-term plans based on their monthly income and expenses, which it is going to directly affect how they are going to manage their savings and investment. PeopleRead MoreManagerial Accounting Chapter 11-13780 Words   |  4 PagesManagerial Accounting Chapters 11-13 Chapter 10 – 3 Relevant costs are costs that are avoidable by choosing another alternative. If a variable cost differs between alternatives in a decision, than it is relevant; however, it is not necessarily true that ALL variable costs are relevant. Chapter 10 – 7 Prentiss would need to isolate the unavoidable costs of the product line first. A decision of whether a product line or other segment should be dropped should focus on the differences in theRead MoreACCT Essay619 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are some characteristics that make capital budgeting different from other types of budgets (like a sales budget or cash budget)? It is the process by which management plans, evaluates, and controls investments in fixed assets. 3. Why is the concept of present value relevant to capital budgeting, but not so relevant to other types of budgeting? An investment in fixed assets may be viewed as purchasing a series of net cash flows over a period of time. 4. Describe the Payback Period in yourRead MoreEssay Mid-Term Exam Busn 3791364 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial management for a sole proprietorship? Student Answer: Decrease long-term debt to reduce the risk to the owner maximize net income given the resources of the firm CORRECT maximize the market value of the equity minimize the tax impact on the proprietor minimize costs and increase production Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1, Page 11 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: 2. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the these activities is not a capital budgeting taskRead MoreThe s Cake Company : Satellite Location Offer1693 Words   |  7 Pagesworth the risk is to calculate the projects NPV (Net Present Value) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return). However, before you can even begin to understand what these factors represent, you will need to understand the basics†¦ the Time Value of Money. A general explanation of The Time Value of Money is â€Å"the idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity (Time Value of Money/Investopedia).† Simply put†¦ A dollar yesterdayRead MoreThe Principles of Corporate Finance1202 Words   |  5 PagesTHE PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE FINANCE CHAPTER 1: The time value of money We are going to link the present and the future by using the notion of interest rate that could be called discount rate, required rate of return or cost of capital. Finance is all about cash flows but more precisely about the exact date of the realization of the cash flow. I) PRESENT VALUE Example 1: What is the value today of $110 to be received in one year? - suppose the interest rate , r =10% Read MoreFinance1352 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 1 NATURE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Q.1. A.1. Q.2. A.2. Q.3. A.3. Q.4. A.4. Define the scope of financial management. What role should the financial manager play in a modern enterprise? The scope of the financial management is to secure the capital needed by the enterprise, and employ it in production and marketing activities, in such a way that it can generate the sufficient returns on invested capital, with an intention to maximise the wealth of the owners. The financialRead MoreExamples Of Return On Investment From College Education941 Words   |  4 Pages Return on investment from college education Student Name Date Instructor Name Course Name Part 1: Pursuing higher education enhances the employability of an individual. Higher education paves way for more opportunities which cannot be obtained with ordinary graduation. Completing MBA (Master in Business Administration) from a good institute adds more value to the individual profile and these institutes provides for good placement assistance too. MBA will enable the individual toRead MoreFinancial Management1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe variable cost per unit is 50 percent of the sale price, and the average investment in receivables is expected to remain unchanged. (a) What cost will the firm face in reduced contribution to profits form sales? (b) Should the firm tighten its credit standards? Explain your answer. Q. 1 Answer:- Existing Arrangements Proposed Arrangements Sales $ 100,000 $90,000 Variable cost 50,000 45,000 Bad Debts 5,000 1,800 Net Earnings $45,000 $43,000 The company should not tighten its credit standards

Strategic Report On The Britannia International - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3187 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This is the strategic report on the Britannia International Hotel industry. It discusses the scheme of the strategic management in the business with the analysing of the tools of the strategy in the day to day operations of the business. Strategic report is focusing on the impact analysis of the business strategy of the hotel industry with the giving of the overall view on the strategic management scheme in the hotel industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Strategic Report On The Britannia International" essay for you Create order It is ideally giving of the recommendation for the improvement of the performance level of the hotel industry in the current market with the adoption of the suitable , feasible and acceptable techniques of the Hospitality Management to improve the level of the performance in the business. Introduction This is the strategic assignment focusing on the Britannia International Hotel Industry in London. The aim of the assignment is to discuss the strategic policy management of the Britannia International Hotel industry in London in the relation to their internal and external business environment. The Britannia International is one of the prominent hotel industry in the London situated at the heart of the city at Canary Wharf, London. They are having 35 hotels across United Kingdom using 7000 bedrooms, One of the hotel at the prime location of the city in London at the Canary Wharf is the key success factor nearer to the major airports and the seaside resorts surrounded by stunning country side (Lehman,2007) The strategic aim of the hotel industry is to provide the optimum money value at the desired level of the satisfaction facilitating to the easy opportunity of the decision-making to the guests who are coming ion the hotel industry (Buidcon,2009) As the London is an international c ity in the world many guests are used to come here from the different parts of the world in order to enjoy the city of London with its greenery, atmosphere, surroundings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" due to which there is a wide scope of the development of the Hospitality industry in this area in order to hospitalise the visitors in this country. As a result many hotel industries are the wide popular in this city used to earn the good source of the potential income and sales turnover. The Britannia International at the Canary Wharf is offering the extremely competitive rates in the combination with the flourishes decoration with the facilities including restaurant, health club, night club, bars and free wireless internet access. (Gary,2010) The hotel is situated on the waters edge next to the Canary Wharf, at the Docklands of the London in the internationally developed renowned office development, the hotel industry is fully modernised in the traditional culture having up to date facilities (S imson,2009) Modern style hotel located on the waterside in Londons docklands closed to Canary Wharf where there are many international businesses as well as large shopping centre , various restaurants and Bars (Gilston,2010) Literature Review Business Strategy of the Britannia hotel industry is purely of the functional and authoritative nature, Hotel industry is rationally divided in to four parts of the line of the organisational set up in which there are the functional departments are diversified as per the core area of the business management, Strategic planning of the hotel industry is made on the basis of the grouping of functions in to four imperative divisions they are the Operations, Human Resource, Marketing and Finance, Information Management section is the co-coordinator of all the departments which is involved in the transfer of the information with in the different active departments as a core functional chain in the business (Tandon,2007) Strategic Management of the hotel industry is having a dynamic and imperative weight in the international cities as per the depending of the nature and scope of activities , many guests and visitors are used to come in the city of London which has created an enormous beau ty and scope of the activities of the hospitalisation in the city of London, different services are provided as per the capability and intensity of the hotel industry at the reasonable rates in order to achieve an optimum level of the satisfaction from the customers, supplier power of the hotel industry is really is magnificent they are providing the restaurant, Bar, Kitchen, living and boarding facilities having 4 big halls for the conducting of events such as marriages, birth day parties, functions, meetings, ceremonies in which the area of the potentials of the hotel industry are based, recently they are planning to start the travel and tourism operations as their supportive area of activity to the core functional scheme which is the additional source of the revenue recognition (Rodrics,2010) Glance situation of the hotel industry at the magnified location is the measured strength of the hotel industry at the Canary Wharf , the increasing the number of the people with the large s cope for the sale of the food items in the glorious location of the hotel industry are some of the ideal characteristics of the hotel industry giving the prominent scope of the development and hospitalisation (Small,2009) Intensity of the buyer towards the hotel industry is strategic and sound as they are willing to get the supreme level of the services with in the reasonable costs and achieving the enjoyment of the city of London, Docklands area near to sea shore is giving the glance opportunity of the business development to the Britannia international hotel industry at the higher rate of income with the global status and the exclusive customer support, they are having a stratified customer relationship management strategy in which functional scope of the CRM dimensions has been predicted through the norms of the customer identification , customer attraction, customer development and the customer retention (Philip,2008) The strategic Management of the Hospitality industry in Londo n is the core activity of the management in which functional scope is administered as a tool of the resource management, Operational activities are coming under the day to day performances of the business and regular services to the guests who are coming in the hospitality industry in order to acquire services and potentialities for the earning of the higher revenue generation in the day to day operational management, Human resource strategy is the core activity of the functional management in which major concentration is given on the process of the recruitment and selection of the new candidates in the service so as to get completion of the business activities in the right strategic order and at the right time with in the reasonable resources, Marketing Activities are the activities which are relating to the development of the market through the making of the strategic relationships with the customers and attracting them in the shoes of the customer in order to develop and expand t he business activities, Finance department is involved in the strategic financial operations including the accounting , internal audits, finance management, investments in the area of the business so as to maintain the liquidity and the cash management in the day to day business operations, Information Management department is the channelising information department in the business with the providing of the time to time information in the order to regulate the departmental activities in the business organisation (Shardul,2010) Discussion The strategic report is discussing on the management policy of the Britannia International Hotel industry. In the international city of London the wide scope is available for the hospitalisation sector as many visitors are used to come here from the different parts of the world in order to pursue their education, jobs, picnics and visits, living. In due course of the same there is a wide scope available for the development of the hospitality industry in this city to entertain the visitors . There is a wide scope of the strategic management in the hotel industry so as to administer the group of activities in the business management policy of the hospitalisation. Business strategy has been constructed as per the model guideline of the core hospitalisation. Hotel industry is using the effective and efficient Customer Relationship Management strategy in order to make the long lasting relations with the guests, visitors in the shoes of their customers . The strategy of the Customer Rela tionship Management has been constructed in the view of the implementation of the efficient and effective CRM dimensions of the customer identification, attraction, retention and development to make the expansion of the business activities to capture the wider segment of the market. Market development strategies used to be formed with the using of the effective marketing communication techniques such as advertising and publicity , sales promotions, direct marketing , public relations and personal selling which will be helpful to develop the good communication system of the hotel with the creating of the Goodwill in the business. Business strategy of the Britannia international is constructed as per the ideal divisions of the functional activities in the four major departments specifying the executive strategy of the hospitality operations. Critical Analysis Strategic Management policy of the Britannia hotel industry is a constructive idea of the operational profile in which there is a wide scope available for the coverage of the functional area of activities. The strategic idea of the functional approach of the management policy is depending on the availability of the strategic factors which are in the support of the management and get inverse with the management. Following are the SWOT analysis are focusing on the internal and external factors of the hotel industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a) Strengths Glance location of the hotel industry in the midlands nearer of the dockland airport is facilitating the visitors to take stay in the hotel. Availability of the feasible facilities including the air conditioned rooms, lodging and boarding, Restaurants, Bar,Kithen are all giving the strengths of the business. Staff operations are commensurate to the strategic development of activities , with the expertises of the staff and availability of the potential capacity of the labour services. Availability of the tourism operations is creating an additional constructive strength of the business . The scope of the information management department is to handle the ideal activities of the marketing function through the implementation of the different strategic marketing techniques. Availability of full fledged well furnished rooms , with the big halls for the events, ideal structure of the hotel set up is an added advantage. b) Weaknesses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" No scope for the parking facility of the vehicles in the surrounding area of the hotel industry. Increasing the rate of the labour turnover in the business with the improper workforce management activities. There is a serious increases in the budgeted expenditures of the hotel industry in due course of the increasing the labour turnover of the business. Reduction in the profitability of the business over the period of time is affecting on the performance level of the hot el industry. Increasing in the costs expenditures will commensurate to the revenue recognition from the day to day operational control of the business. c) Opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There is a greater scope available for the hospitalisation in the area of Canary Wharf. As London is one of the international city in the world many visitors are used to come here for the visits , picnic, education,travel,living,jobs. So that there is a wide scope of the opportunities for the development of the business is available towards the international visitors. Performance level of the hospitality industry is at the optimum rank , further there is a wide scope of the development to increase the level of the performance of the business with the employment of the skilled, efficient labour in the day to day business operations. Level of the business management can be used as a basis of the chanelising the information management function in order to acquire the objectives of the business. d) Threats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" As the London is an international city in the world, many spectators are used to come here from the different parts of the world. It is therefore there is a wide scope for the development of the Hospitality industry in this area. The scope of the Hospitalisation is quite more in this city of London. Due to which many hotel industries are used to operate in this city to entertain the globalise visitors, guests. It is leading to the emergence of the different hotel industries. Hotel Hilton Metropolitan, Hotel Syon Park, Hotel Chariot Mirror are some of the leading hotel industries in the city competing the Britannia International. SWOT analysis is pertaining to the focus on the internal and external business environment which shows an exact picture of the hotel industry in a strategic manner. In depth focus further can be made in the business activities through the applications of the tool of the Porters five forces à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Supplier Po wer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It is the creative idea of the different facilities offered by the Britannia hotel industry in the hospitalisation. They are having Bar , Restaurant, Kitchen services , lodging and boarding facilities , full well furnished air conditioned rooms which are attracting the visitors in the hotel. At one time more than 100 of people can have stay in the hotel in the well furnished rooms. There is an optimum level of the food facility available for the guests and visitors. Bar services are more timely and co-efficient. Operational strategic management has been done based on the implementing the ideal strategy of the hospitality management and its core area of the knowledge. The Hotel industry is having the strategic supply power which can attract the large number of customers in order to increase the capacity sales. Buyer Power à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This is the power of the buyer intensity in which study of the buyer behaviour has been conducted. Buyer power is creat ed with the availability of the financial position of the buyer leading to increase in the level of consumption. Understanding of the buyer behaviour in the business is a strategic task of the assessing of the demand position in the current market. On the basis of which the supplier power can be built up in the day to day business operations. In every business intensity of the buyer capacity is playing a strategic role. As the Uk is in the recovery stage of the credit crunch situation in the market, it is leading to the increase in the level of the economy along with the employment opportunities in the business. With the help of that the earning potential capacity of the buyer is now upgrading leading to the increase in the level of consumption. Market Competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There is a strategic competition in the market. As the London is an international city there is a major scope for the development of the Hospitality sector because people who are coming from the diffe rent parts of the world are need to have facility for their hospitalisation and care. In due course of which many hotel industries are used to operate in this city creating a challenging business environment for the hospitality industry. With the availability of the international Hotels such as Hilton Metropolitan, Syon Park, Mirror Chariot there is an ultimate reduction is felt in the business of the Britannia international. Threat of New Entrants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There is a serious threat of the new entrants who are coming in the market. As this city has a wider scope of the hospitalisation business in due course of the international visitors, the scope of the hotel industries has been increased in this area. For the entertaining of the guests, visitors there is a need of the new resraurants,hotels which ultimately had given rise to the commencing of the new hotel industry businesses , which can create a challenging threats for the Britannia International as the same quality food may be available at the more cheaper rates in the new hotels for the sake of the capturing of the market. Barriers to New Entrants There are the certain barriers are available in this country for the new hotel industries. Govt. Licensing is a challenging task which requires the many compliances of the documents and still no assurance of the sanctioning of the license. Another problem is of the capital funding as London is one of the costly city in the world , there are the many requisites are raised for the mobilisation of the capital and still there are the issues which are arising in the starting of the business. These are the serious challenging barriers to the new entrants. Findings It has been found on the basis of the strategic analysis that there are the different strategies and customs are applied in the business. The normative strategic planning of the business is based on the Porters generic scheme. a) Cost Leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" There is a cost efficiency and effectiveness is maintained in the business which is leading to the maximisation of the profits. Quarterly budgets are prepared indicating the schedule of the expenditures and the actual performance is used to compare with that schedule in order to improve the strategic performance of the business. Executive cost control is maintained in the business as a strategic tool of the business. b) Focused à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The ideal focus of the activities is based on the restaurant and lodging and boarding activities. In the restaurant the strategic activities which are focused are the kitchen services, Bar services, Operating services. In the lodging and boarding activities the ideal servic es are the well furnished rooms along with all the facilities of the toilets, bathrooms. c) Differentiation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" With the continuing of the focused core area of activity of the business hotel industry is planning to develop the new activity of the Travelling and Tourism operations which will facilitate the additional source of income of the business as the supportive level of activity to grow the business in the Hospitality sector. Conclusion and Recommendation The Britannia international is one of the reputed hotel industry in London having its strategic significance all over the world. Wide scope of the business with the glance opportunity is available for the expansion and development for the hotel industries. The Britannia hotel is having the imperative strength of the good supplier power , ideal resource management scheme which will be commensurate for the strategic management policy of the business. Good location of the hotel industry , facilities available are of the restaurant, bar , kitchen services , lodging and boarding services which are giving the scope for the business expansion and development. However, as the London is an international city in the world many spectators are used to come here for the travels, visits, education there is a wide scope of the development of the hospitality sector in order to catch the wide area of the business development. This is giving scope for the development of the many hospitality industri es creating the market competition . Hotel Hilton, Hotel Syon Park, Hotel Passage to India are the hotels creating a challenging environment for the business. It is recommended to the hotel industry to give scope on the marketing communication techniques of the sales promotions and direct marketing in order to grow and expand the business. In the sales promotions focus can be on the giving of the different attractive discounting offers which can catch the customers. In the direct marketing hotel industry can use the strategic technique of the e-mail communications system to contact directly with the customers.

Lower class Free Essays

Lower class Americans do not often discuss the class separation that exists in today’s society, but we all know there Is something going on. The government helps supports the lower class, so that the lower class can also enjoy their lives without having to work. DRP. We will write a custom essay sample on Lower class or any similar topic only for you Order Now Daniels analysis about the underclass and Its relationship to the government Is accurate based on poverty, criminality, and family fluidity. One of the aspects that allow the lower class to remain in their specific position is because of poverty. A lot f the time, the lower class will not take the initiative to work because they claim to get â€Å"paid†. As Anthony Daniels quotes â€Å"l get paid on Friday(Daniels), they are not actually getting paid but rather are receiving state benefits and feel entitled to have them without doing any work. The correct term they should be using is â€Å"I received my check on Friday’. And for this reason the lower class does not feel necessary to work since they receive a check every Friday. So, what happens if they do decide to work? Well, when and if they do decide to work, they will usually end up regretting It. The US Government Is basically saying we had destroyed all economic incentive for the latter to work† (Daniels). Here In the US, If you start making more than a certain amount of Income, all your states benefits will get cut-off. This concept Is super deadly because they still need support and are still struggling to become volcanically well. Lastly, the lower class does not think about the future. Most of the time, they ill be concerned with paying of bills (living on a day to day basis), or spending it all on the spot for luxurious items. Many successful people know that saving for the future is exceedingly important and truly beneficial for them. Criminality in the lower classes is a choice that can be steered clear of. Committing crimes for drugs is something that happens quite often and here is the reason why â€Å"Dishonest passivity and dependence combined with harmful activity becomes a pattern of life, and not just among drug addicts. † (Daniels). Basically committing crimes has become a way of life not only for drugs, but also for other needs. It’s not that cannot stop committing crimes but they need help getting out of this villous cycle. These days, there Is no such thing concept of a traditional’ family anymore. â€Å"Everyone lived In households with a shifting cast of members, rather than in families. † (Daniels) I really agree with this statement, because today we have no such thing as a family anymore due to divorce rates. Parents are constantly arguing and in disagreement and their children eve no idea what to do. So these children often look up to the TV because that’s the one thing they can find satisfaction in. Another reason why these families are so dysfunctional is due to work. Often the father will leave the mother all alone to take of their children all by herself. This mother often will have two Jobs, working day and night, to support her children because she is a single parent. This also brings up another point of why families are dysfunctional Is due to Individualism. Many Americans believe In the Idea of individualism which can be bad. In the article, the following quote Is the new definition of Individualism: â€Å"Mothers would say to me that they were pleased to be Independent, by which they meant Independent of the fathers† (Daniels). Usually these mothers are free of the ruthless fathers, but rather government for help. In today’s society we all maybe considered equal, but subconsciously we all know that social classes influence our decisions. It is near to impossible to break out of your social class because the government has a system set into place that nearly affects everyone. How to cite Lower class, Papers

Working with Diversity and Conflict for Leadership- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWorking with Diversity and Conflict for Leadership. Answer: The aim of the essay is to critically analyse the topic, Diversity in leadership within a firm allows managers to bring in new skills and methods for achieving unity within their teams and develop a strong culture. The statement is critically analysed regarding CSR, leadership and HRM practices within an organisation. The essay briefs the bias that might contribute to the decrease in productivity. The essay recommends the way to eradicate the same in the culture. The term bias refers to the situation where people are drawn to others with same hobbies. In regards to the organisational context, it might affect resume screening and career advancement. Bias treatment largely effects the motivation of the staff and their morale. It also influences the commitment of the employees and the desire to advance in the organisation. Thus, the purpose of the essay is to understand why business needs to consider diversity and conflict in their business. Australia is popular as the multicultural society. Therefore, the workplace comprises of minorities, immigrant and non-immigrant workers, contract workers from other countries, more women, limited English-speaking workers, non-English speaking workers, and older workers. These workers have varied needs and expectations, and it may be challenging for the management as they have different skill sets. Ignoring the differences in the workplace leads to conflicts, confusion, complaints of harassments and eventually discrimination. It may hamper the team unity. It becomes difficult for the management to communicate and coordinate with such diverse group (Allard et al. 2017). Thus, it is essential to respect the diversity to develop a strong culture. Intercultural leadership allows managers to bring in new skills and methods for achieving unity within their teams. Diversity in leadership within the firm is important for managers due to shift in the workplace demographics and the emergence of the global market. Workplace diversity has come close to the business necessity. Lack of workplace diversity leads to bias, that is getting attracted to employees of the same culture, caste, and language. In many cases, business opportunities were found to be missed as they failed to capitalise on the mixture of genders, ages and lifestyles (Canas and Sondak 2013). When employees without the language and cultural skills are recruited, it will lead to the decrease in productivity and build a strong culture. Other aspects of bias are stereotypes attitude towards particular culture, discrimination of women professionally and bias in giving feedback (Dunham 2017). More than conscious prejudice, unconscious bias is more predominant. HR managers in many cases were found to show bias in the hiring process, granting leaves, thus developing the unproductive workfor ce. For instance, a stereotype that black women are aggressive, decrease staff morale. The pay gap and lawsuits are some of the consequences of bias (Koch et al. 2015). In my personal experience, my maternal aunt was discriminated regarding promoting to higher designation despite being competent. Without including diverse talent, creative ideas it is difficult to sustain competitive advantage. It is difficult to offer more solutions to the customers due to lack of ideas. There will be no scope for creativity, if employers are biased to take opinion and perspectives, from employees of similar background and culture (Guillaume et al. 2017). As per the findings of Harvey and Allard (2015), when heterogeneous groups are present in the organisation, there is an increase in creativity due to the cross fertilisation of one another. Therefore, to achieve one common goal an intercultural leadership can bring in the variety of solutions. For instance, Chinese workers working in the Australian company can think different from Australians. Consequently, it will lead to innovation. Thus, diversity in leadership is essential for managers as the social identity of an employee effect relationship with employees. Transformational leaders are effective in this aspect as they walk the talk and literature evidence say that it is effective in managing diversity. Diversify in leadership means employing, promoting and appreciating diversity (Wang et al. 2013). There are several advantages of ensuring the workplace diversity by the human resource managers and senior level managers. It helps to foster mutual respect where employees working in the team can cope with the different work styles, cultures, ideas and thinking styles. It will help realise the significance or strength of the diversity and combating bias in feedback, payment and others. With the help of diversity, a pool of talented brains can be targeted to achieve common organisational goals (Moran et al. 2014). As highlighted by Allard et al. (2017) acknowledging the differences at workplace decreases the likelihood of the conflicts. By learning new skills to maintain, the unity in diversity decreases the potential liability of the employee complaints. To avoid issues on litigation, it is better to preserve the high quality relationship with the employees, supervisors, and co-workers. The study conducted by Barak (2016) argued that the diversity, when accompanied with the inclusiv e culture, helps deliver high performance. It decreases absenteeism, increases innovation and the customer satisfaction. Without developing the mindset of inclusion, the managers will not be able to successfully implement the diversity initiatives. Lack of inclusive mindset will cause them to behave defensively. Simply, integrating the corporate policies such as flexible working time will not help avoid lawsuits. Inclusiveness is necessary where employees embrace each others uniqueness, thus, decreasing the dissimilarity and bias. Diversity and inclusion are a part of the corporate social responsibility. Without inclusion, a company may not be able to expand on to the global market. For example, if an Australian employee can speak Japanese, he or she may not be as successful in dealing with the Japanese representative when compared to a Japanese employee. The later may better understand the culture and thinking style of the foreign representative. It will be beneficial for the business managers to learn new skills from culturally diverse workforce such as new language skills. Further, an organisation can gain reputation by being inclusive of other communities. It will also help promote corporate social responsibility (Barak 2016). For instance, by hiring Mandarin-speaking employees, a companys sales among Chinese communities can be increased. The business and the employees will get better exposure. Thus, it is the new method to create unity and strong culture in an organisation. Thus the given essay topic hold s significant value. When an employee fails to execute the knowledge or talent, it leads to the feeling of discrimination and bad reputation of the company. Bias may further lead to harassment and lawsuits. It will decrease the strength of job seekers. Workers are drawn to organisations with fair treatment of employees irrespective of ethnicity, minority and gender (Chuang 2013). Business may feel challenging to place an employee on different silo based on diversity profile. For instance, it may be difficult to categorise an English-speaking employee who is 51 years old and an atheist under a particular diversity. A human resource manger must develop leadership quality to respond to complex human needs to develop the strong customer base. In this context, it is justified to say that the diversity in leadership will help develop the strong culture of inclusiveness. To fulfil the corporate social responsibility, it is necessary to cater to personal needs of employees. Based on the literature review, evidenced-based recommendations are effective in making the workplace diversity program successful. It would be effective to base the decisions of employment on job recruitment. Employees should be recruited based on the non-discriminatory and legitimate reasons. It is possible through the provision of detailed job descriptions for each designation. Based on the individuals performance or ability the decisions related to the promotion, hiring, training, discipline, termination or demotion should be made. If an employee has great potential, with a different skill set, a training program should be provided after recruitment. It will help them to meet the organisations performance standards. Older employees must be familiar with the behavioural interviews (Chuang 2013). The human resource managers to learn cross-cultural communication for communicating with different sex and culture groups; identify the dos and donts of each group and ways to supervise th e non-Australians. There must be effective and consistent enforcement of the policies about harassment and discrimination. It must be applied uniformly. In this regard, there must be a record retention program for proper documentation of the entire investigation (Wang et al. 2013). To deal with the cultural diversity issues, programs should be developed at the workplace. The workplace should design policies and the procedures that will facilitate communication with the non-English or limited-English speaking workers. However, to avoid stigmatisation or feeling of discomfort among employers must explain the essentiality of seeking such program and the need to fulfil the given job role by speaking English. The language requirement should also be mentioned in the written job description (Hunt et al. 2015). Every organisation must recruit professional translators for cases other than the investigations on harassment and discrimination. It should be determined if the need of speaking English is only for specific work time and the documents that especially needs translation for non-English speaking employees. It is recommended that the new arrivals in the organisation such as immigrant contract workers must be trained on the acceptable workplace behaviour and the wor king standards of Australia. The leaders must aware the workers on the laws, values and ethics of Australia for effective risk management. The business leaders must train the exiting employees on the behaviour that cause harassment and discrimination (Wang et al. 2013). To respect the cultural diversity, culturally sensitive procedures must be adopted by the organisation. It will help receive and process the diversity questions and problems. For instance, it may be difficult for Aboriginals to be assertive, outspoken, and individualistic as Americans. The managers must develop a program to resolve the family issues (such as insurance, health issues) of the employees to make good business sense. It will help retain valuable employees. It will help fulfilment of the corporate social responsibility For instance; AIDS awareness programs can be initiated by the managers to promote. The essay critically analysed the statement Diversity in leadership within a firm allows managers to bring in new skills and methods for achieving unity within their teams and develop a strong culture. Based on the analysis, the statement can be called as justified. Including diversity in leadership will help managers to develop new language skills, generate creative ideas in the organisation, and increase the company sales and productivity. It will lead to positive reputation of the organisation. Without the diversity in leadership, the results may be opposite. The essay has recommended strategies for mitigating the diversity issues in the workplace. References Allard, S., Qayyum, M.A. and Mehra, B., 2017. Intercultural leadership toolkit for librarians: Building awareness to effectively serve diverse multicultural populations.Education Libraries,30(1), pp.5-12. Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Canas, K. and Sondak, H., 2013.Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. Pearson Higher Ed. Chuang, S.F., 2013. Essential skills for leadership effectiveness in diverse workplace development. Dunham, C.R., 2017. Third Generation Discrimination: The Ripple Effects of Gender Bias in the Workplace. Guillaume, Y.R., Dawson, J.F., Otaye?Ebede, L., Woods, S.A. and West, M.A., 2017. Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity?.Journal of Organizational Behavior,38(2), pp.276-303. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity: Readings, cases, and exercises. Pearson. Hunt, V., Layton, D. and Prince, S., 2015. Diversity matters.McKinsey Company,1. Koch, A.J., DMello, S.D. and Sackett, P.R., 2015. A meta-analysis of gender stereotypes and bias in experimental simulations of employment decision making.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(1), p.128. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Wang, P., Rode, J.C., Shi, K., Luo, Z. and Chen, W., 2013. A workgroup climate perspective on the relationships among transformational leadership, workgroup diversity, and employee creativity.Group Organization Management,38(3), pp.334-360.

Freshman Fifteen Essay Example Essay Example

Freshman Fifteen Essay Example Paper Freshman Fifteen Essay Introduction Historical Interview Research Paper Freshman Fifteen Freshman 15 is common about college. In this myth it is understood that students gain nearly fifteen pounds during the freshman time. In many case this myth has often been proven to be true with several factors and many of the other factors being the corner stone of this myth. Since it is considered a practice, it is necessary to understand the important factors which might lead to the quick increase in weight when one joins college. This is really dangers myth for the freshman once they start their college life far away from family. According to College Parents of America that college meal plans are designed in an â€Å"all-you-can-eat† system. This allows the students to swipe their ID cards or sign in for a meal to eat as much as they want during the meal time. Also, choices sometime are awesome and appetizing, so that may lead the students in the absolutely new setting to eat as much as they can accumulate more calories in the long run. Similarly, the students have behaviour of going out on social meals. Even though this is the basis for effective socialization and friend making at the college, a few long meals with the â€Å"all-you-can-eat† system increases the number of visits to the counter for more and more food. This may happen for a period of time before the students themselves can recognize that they are spending more time in the dining hall and eating a lot (College Parents of America). Freshman Fifteen Essay Body Paragraphs I have done an interview about students at Grand Valley State University, asking them about freshman 15 myth. However, most of my interviewers were females; also they were more experienced about freshman 15 more than the males. More than 75% of the females at GVSU gained weight in their freshman year, but on the other hand only 25% of the males at GVSU gained the freshman 15. A student at GVSU her name is Sarah. She started her college life when she was 19 years old, and she was thin tall girl of about 5’7? and her weight at 109 lbs .she said that everything were good until her family and her old friends started to tell her that she have a small belly, all that happen because of the late-night studying and fast food. Also, she used to eat Pizza for breakfast. She liked the idea of sharing her story about freshman 15. Because, she wants to encourage other young females to be more careful and not to ignore their weights otherwise their weight will be out of control as she used t o be before (Sarah). Moreover, College Parents of America say that the experience in freshman year is engaging and very adventurous. Many students’ schedules are busy and most of the students end up skipping and missing meals. In this context they are often compel to take other types of food, especially the fast foods at a later time. The snacks and fast foods taken during the later times often contain a high amount of calories. This may in turn lead to addition of weight by the students. The food choices in the college dining hall also play an important role in the increase in weight of many students in freshman years. The huge group of options available for students to choose from usually presents difficulty in right eating habits. In this case students tend to prefer burgers and French fires to salad bar, fruits and broiled chicken. This leads to increase in the calorie intake during the meals thus increase in the weight of the students (College Parents of America). With a ll wrong choices of food type that freshman is eating them all the time. It might be able to lead them not only to gain weight but also to have several diseases. There are many things can attract the students desires to eat more and more. The biggest one is the vending machines. Many universities have a lot of vending machines everywhere, between their halls next to the classes, so they can help the students to eat a lot and when they eat a lot their weights will be increasing a lot. College Parents of America included that snacking is also another factor in the increase in weight among the students in their freshman year. Most of the freshman year students snack all day long. Eating snakes through late night study sessions or between the classes and residence hall meetings is very common for the students. In this case students generally eat more while at the freshman year than previously when they are at school. The frequency of social gatherings in college may also contribute towa rds weight gain. These require the informal gatherings students organize with their friends at college. Most of the gatherings do not end without food, drinks or some snacks. However, having dinner in town, pizza ordering late at night and some take out food, all add up to increase in the calorie and food in take. This coupled with the fact that some of the foods taken are not recommended by nutritionists thus leading to increase in weight (College Parents of America). College Parents of America also talked about the college functions. College functions give the student many chances to eat more than necessary. Performances, lectures, clubs, panel discussions, seminars, and meeting with faculty members are some of the college gathering in which students may get the chance to eat. In some colleges where the students have been found to participate in more indoor activities, the administration have often organized outdoor activities such as sports and games coupled with snacks to attrac t the students into outdoor activities. It is also important to note that the rate of appearing in sports and games by the students greatly decreases when they join colleges. Many students who used to play a lot pick not to play while others pursue games that are more relaxing rather than the strenuous ones they engaged in while at school. Similarly, many students often walked to school daily while at high school. However, this changes since when they join college they tend to stay within the confines of the schools. This reduces the amount of calories burnt while at high school. In the end they student tend to store more calories in freshman year as compared to high school years thus they are likely to gain more weight (College Parents of America). Without any kind of exercise, not all that amount of calories will burn. In addition, if the students tend to ignore that it will increase their weights festally. Emotional factors too may play a role in weight gain at freshman year. As what College Parents of America says that students who may be homesick or stressed up could eat a lot for comfort. In this process, they increase the levels of calorie intake. Similar the increased intake of energy drinks may contribute to the increase in the weight of students at freshman year (College Parents of America). Some freshmen may eat and drink a lot to forget, and with all that food and drink, their body weight will be increasing. Many students think that energy drinks are good for them but what College Parents of America says that energy drinks especially those with caffeine are common among the students during the class hours, sports sessions and relaxations places. These drinks are often full with sugar and high calories. Similarly, alcohol intake may increase weight among the first year. Many college students drink with others, but some of them doing it excessively. Alcohol contains some calorie contents. If they added the calories with the other collected, the weigh t of the students must increase (College Parents of America). Hirsh says hat to avoid all there is need for one to get enough exercise while in first year. This would ensure that all the extra calories taken in foods and snacks are burnt. Most researchers have recommended that the student should exercise at least three days a week to ensure they do not contain excess calories. If this is done, research has shown that the students in question tend to enjoy a high degree of comfort than those with excess weight. Students involved in exercise activities were also likely to be more effective in their time management. There is a proverb says that the good mind is in the good body. Drug abuse and alcohol should be avoided. According to Hirsh, alcohol and other drugs such as cigarettes are considered to destroy the appetite. Smoking and drinking can make exercise and other normal physical activities difficult. Apart from the difficulty in climbing the stairs and walking to classrooms being made difficult, alcohol and drug abuse also exposes the abusers to have health problems of the heart, lungs and kidney (Hirsh). A lot of people said that if you smoke the weight will decreases, which is totally wrong. Smoking and drinking a lot of alcohol can cause many diseases beside the weight. Hirsh says that many smokers who have quit have often found more energy for them to engage in calorie burning activities such as strenuous exercises. This implies that when one quits smoking and engage in drug abuse, there are high chances that there will be increased engagement in physical activities thus burning the extra calories that might be available for the body. Getting enough sleep is also necessary for ensuring that the body relaxes. Enough sleep helps the body maintains its healthy weight. Sleeping also offers an opportunity for one to manage stress and avoid excessive eating. Ensuring enough sleep can be achieved by developing and following to a regular sleeping schedule. Simi larly, exercising, watching TV and listening to loud music should be avoided before going to bed. If all these are done and nutritionist’s recommended eating habits followed to, there will be reduced cases of increase in weight at freshman year (Hirsh). Works Cited â€Å"The Freshman 15: Will Your College Student Gain More From College Than You Expected?† College Parents of America.College Parents of America, n.d. Web. 18. Oct. 2012. Hirsh, Larissa. â€Å"TeensHealth.† Beating the Freshman 15. The Nemours Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. Sarah. Personal interview. 15 Oct. 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Freshman Fifteen Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Freshman Fifteen Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Freshman Fifteen Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Crash, By Linda Bacon

Upon initially viewing Linda Bacon’s oil painting, â€Å"Crash†, one witnesses a chaotic jumble of activity. There is a tall wooden man standing with one leg poised on a sleek red car. That car is one of three others that appeared to have some sort of â€Å"crash†. A small man is running from his car to another with a scowl look on his face. Just behind the wreck a steel blue car is speeding away from the scene. Farther up the road a large red truck is abruptly making its way over the hill and into the direction of the crash. Above the truck, the sky is a mixture of pinks and blues except for in the upper right corner where it appears a storm is raging. Finally, surrounding both sides of the country road, lush green grass pierced with barbed wire fence and telephone poles fades into the distance. There are many things that can be interpreted from this work of art and just as many inferences can be made about the artist’s intentions. First off, the large wooden man on the left is clearly one object that seems out of place in this piece. It seems as if he is some sort of voice of reason. The large size and one bent leg resting on the car give him an imposing and commanding presence as he surveys the â€Å"crash†. Moving over to the actual crash; one can find many interesting tidbits upon closer inspection. At first your eyes are focused on a small little man that appears to be going from his green car to the red car quite hastily and with some aggression. We can make the assumption that he is running due to the position of his legs. Unlike the arms, his legs do not have a hinge so they can not move at all. Had the figure been placed any other way, it would not have had the same effect. The artist captured a moment of pure aggression and anger that could not have happened in any other position. Looking further at those front three cars it is obvious an incredible amount of detail was put into painting them. Every piece of rust and flaki... Free Essays on Crash, By Linda Bacon Free Essays on Crash, By Linda Bacon Upon initially viewing Linda Bacon’s oil painting, â€Å"Crash†, one witnesses a chaotic jumble of activity. There is a tall wooden man standing with one leg poised on a sleek red car. That car is one of three others that appeared to have some sort of â€Å"crash†. A small man is running from his car to another with a scowl look on his face. Just behind the wreck a steel blue car is speeding away from the scene. Farther up the road a large red truck is abruptly making its way over the hill and into the direction of the crash. Above the truck, the sky is a mixture of pinks and blues except for in the upper right corner where it appears a storm is raging. Finally, surrounding both sides of the country road, lush green grass pierced with barbed wire fence and telephone poles fades into the distance. There are many things that can be interpreted from this work of art and just as many inferences can be made about the artist’s intentions. First off, the large wooden man on the left is clearly one object that seems out of place in this piece. It seems as if he is some sort of voice of reason. The large size and one bent leg resting on the car give him an imposing and commanding presence as he surveys the â€Å"crash†. Moving over to the actual crash; one can find many interesting tidbits upon closer inspection. At first your eyes are focused on a small little man that appears to be going from his green car to the red car quite hastily and with some aggression. We can make the assumption that he is running due to the position of his legs. Unlike the arms, his legs do not have a hinge so they can not move at all. Had the figure been placed any other way, it would not have had the same effect. The artist captured a moment of pure aggression and anger that could not have happened in any other position. Looking further at those front three cars it is obvious an incredible amount of detail was put into painting them. Every piece of rust and flaki...

Character analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Character analysis - Essay Example Scout, at the initiation of the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird is depicted as an innocent and naà ¯ve girl who is only five years old. She knows nothing about the malevolent acts of people and is deprived of any knowledge pertaining to evil aspects of the world. When she listens about Boo Radley along with her brother Jem and her friend Dill, she gets frightened and considers him criminal minded as she narrates in her story, She shows a prejudiced attitude related to Boo Radley, who continuously shows kindness and care to her, Jem and Dill. She is able to end her fear because of frequent experiences with Boo as in chapter 26, Scout mentions, With Scout’s maturity, she is able to see Boo according to his true personality. She has lost her fear in him. She knew that Boo was innocent and has a kind personality, as he has done nothing bad to anything and is only a victim of rumors and false information. Scout is quite an intelligent child and is better than her class fellows in terms of her learning. Before getting admission in her class, she is well equipped with knowledge, as she is always interested to accompany her father in reading. When she shows her learned knowledge in her class, in place of being appreciated, she is insulted as her teacher in spite of her constant refusal related to her knowledge acquirement by the help of her father asks her to stop getting education from her father because it is erroneous. Scout endures the distaste felt by Mrs. Caroline and still shows concern towards her as at her upsetting, she says: Tom Robinson who was accused of raping a white woman was considered as an innocent person by Scout due to which, she tried to support him in the court. Although, Tom Robinson was announced guilty but Scout knew that it was only due to racial prejudice by the white people. She says, She knows that Tom Robinson is wrongly found guilty and will be

Why did Barack Obama win the US presidential election in 2008 Essay

Why did Barack Obama win the US presidential election in 2008 - Essay Example Despite this, Barack Obama won the US presidential election in 2008 because he was able to capitalize on a sense of fatigue with the disastrous presidency of George W. Bush and instill a sense of hope to Americans throughout the country. George W. Bush’s foreign polices were his downfall and the following will demonstrate how Bush paved the way for President Obama. Without the disastrous presidency of George W. Bush, the election of Barack Obama probably would have never happened. George W. Bush was arguably the worst president in the history of the United States of America. In the aftermath of the attacks of September 11th, 2001, George W. Bush did more to ruin the international reputation than any other American president in living memory. Accordingly, American unilateralism has been both an explicit and implicit policy of the present Bush Administration since the aftermath of September 11th 2001. Although the United States has historically been committed to multilateralism, collective decision-making and international rules of law, in recent times the United States has rejected foreign policy precedent and has engaged in direct military action on a unilateral basis. Former US President Woodrow Wilson espoused multilateralism as a cure to the world’s ills and believed that concerted diplomacy, best channeled through international non- governmental organizations like the League of Nations (the precursor to today’s United Nations), was the best way to avoid international conflict and violence. Collective bargaining and international coordination in global affairs has a long and storied tradition in the United States. Arguing that the rules of the game had changed in the post-Cold War and post-9/11 world, George W. Bush’s famously remarked that â€Å"you are either with us or against us† and set the stage for American unilateralism on a global

Heart transplant: An overview

Heart transplant: An overview Introduction Heart transplant is a transplant procedure surgery where the malfunctioning heart or end-stage heart-related disease are replaced by a function heart. Indeed, this is a very complicated, risky and time-consuming operation since it needs a function heart from the person who has just died and implant it into the patient. It is usually done in emergencies and to find a donor heart is difficult. Have you ever thought of how was the first heart transplant done? Who was actually the first person in the world that conducted this sound seemed â€Å"impossible† surgery? Who was the first courageous patient who willing to put his life in such a great risk? And have you ever wondered how exciting it would be to cause a breakthrough in medical world that could end up saving millions of lives from all over the world? This great success was from a heart surgeon, Dr. Christiaan (Neethling) Barnard from South Africa. He was the first person who carried out a human-to-human heart transplant on December 3, 1967 in Cape Town, South Africa. It was done at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town on Louis Washkansky, a South African grocer who would most certainly die without the heart transplant. Meanwhile, the donor was from a young woman, Denise Darvell who was killed in an accident. The heart transplant surgery had surprised the whole world. Dr. Christiaan (Neethling) Barnard also became a well-known heart surgeon overnight. Besides heart transplant, he had other astonishing achievement in kidney transplant and gastrointestinal pathology. Dr. Barnard is also attributed in mounting a new design for artificial heart valves, doing heart transplanting on animals, and correcting the problem of the blood supply to the fetus during pregnancy. With the efforts of Dr. Barnard and his surgical team, the survival rates of 50% of the patients to at least 5 years of living after heart surgery. Background of Christiaan Barnard Christiaan Barnard was born in Beaufort West, Union of South Africa on 8 November 1922.[1] His father, Adam Barnard was a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church for the mixed race population of the town. When he was a child, he always pumped the bellows of the churchs primitive organ which his mother played during services. After a long time, he told a joke that the heart was not the first organ he had had to deal with in his life. One of his four brothers, Abrahim died at the age of five because of the heart problem. After that incident, Barnard determined to be a surgeon to help people who faced heart problem since he was young. Christiaan Barnard came from a very poor family and he studied at the local public school. He matriculated from the Beaufort West School in 1940. After that, Barnard got a place at the University of Cape Town Medical School. He obtained Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in medicine at the University of Cape Town in 1946. He worked as a general practitioner in Ceres, South Africa when he was a resident doctor at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. In 1951, he returned to Cape Town and worked as a Senior Resident Medical Officer at the City Hospital. Besides, he was also a registrar in the Department of Medicine at the Groote Schuur Hospital. Since Christiaan Barnard was interested in his research and gaining a new surgical skills and experiences, he furthered his postgraduate studies at the University of Cape Town and at the University of Minnesota. He acquired Master of Medicine in medicine for a dissertation entitled Meningitis† from the University of Cape Town in 1953[2] whereas he was awarded Doctor of Philosophy degree for his dissertation entitled The aetiology of congenital intestinal atresia at the University of Minnesota. [3]After that, he went back to South Africa to be a cardiothoracic heart surgeon. Before he left for America (1953-1955), Barnard had gained recognition for research in gastrointestinal pathology. He proved that the fatal birth defect known as congenital intestinal atresia (a gap in the small intestines) was due to the fetus receiving an inadequate supply of blood during pregnancy and that it could be remedied by a surgical procedure. [4] He was a specialist in cardiothoractic surgery and heart transplantation. His first successful open heart surgery program is at Groote Shuur Hospital. In 1967, he led a team to perform in the worlds first human-to-human heart transplant. Barnard was contributed the treatment of cardiac diseases, such as the Tetralogy of Fallot and Ebsteins anomaly. In 1972, he was promoted to be Professor of Surgical Science in the Department of Surgery at the University Of Cape Town. He got an appellation Professor Emeritus in 1984. Christiaan Barnards advances in heart surgery brought him honors from a host of foreign medical societies, governments, universities, and philanthropic (charitable) institutions. He had also been presented many honors, including the Dag Hammarskjold International Prize and Peace Prize, the Kennedy Foundation Award, and the Milan International Prize for Science. Since 1960, Christiaan Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis (a severe swelling of the joints). This limited his surgical experimentation in later years. As a result, he turned to writing novels as well as books on health, medicine, and South Africa. At the same time, he also served as a scientific consultant. Christiaan Barnard died on September 2, 2001, when he was seventy-eight years old. Contributions of Christiaan Barnard in Science Doctor Barnard with some of his medical team 1. Proof Of The Fatal Birth Defect Christiaan Barnard showed that the fatal birth defect that was known as congenital intestinal atresia was a gap in the small intestines. The fetus did not receive sufficient blood during pregnancy cause the defect.[5] This research made him being recognised in gastrointestinal pathology which is about intestinal diseases. Besides, he also proved that surgical procedure could treat this condition. 2. Heart Transplantation Christiaan Barnard was a pioneering cardiac surgeon but his advances were based on work that came before him. The first use of hypothermia in 1952 and the introduction of a heart-lung machine in 1953 were crucial important for his advances. In 1960, these advances which combined with other techniques enabled him to undergo the first heart operation. Ø The First Heart Transplantation Preparation for the first heart transplant Upon he returned to South Africa, he introduced open-heart surgery and designed artificial valves for the human heart. During 1967, in the preparation for the first heart transplantation, he spent 3 months with the pioneer kidney transplant surgeon who was David Hume in Richmond, Virginia and another 2 weeks with Thomas Starzl in Denver, Colorado. He learnt the basics of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation from these attachments. Furthermore, he got the chance to watch an orthotopic heart transplant on a dog which was performed by Richard Lower, head of cardiac surgery when he was at the Medical College of Virginia. Lower spent many years with Norman Shumway at Stanford University to develop, perfect the surgical technique and study other kinds of experimental heart transplantation. In addition, Christiaan Barnard underwent a single kidney transplant in Cape Town was to gain some experience about immunosuppressive therapy. The patient did exceptionally well. Therefore, Barnard claimed that he was the only kidney transplant surgeon in the world with a 100% 20-year patient and graft survival. The First Patient—Louis Washkansky Making history: The First Patient Louis Washkansky After a decade of heart surgery, Christiaan Barnard was ready to accept the challenge posed by the human heart transplantation. In 1967, he performed the first human-to-human orthotopic heart transplant in his patient, Louis Washkansky who was a fifty four years old patient, suffering from extensive coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and also diabetic. He could either wait for death or risk transplant surgery with an 80% chance of surviving. He at last chose the surgery. As Barnard wrote, For a dying man it is not a difficult decision because he knows he is at the end. If a lion chases you to the bank of a river filled with crocodiles, you will leap into the water convinced you have a chance to swim to the other side. But you would never accept such odds if there were no lion. [6] On December 2, 1967, Washkanskys heart was replaced by the heart of a young woman killed in an accident. Barnards assistants immediately opened the chest, initiated pump-oxygenator support, cooled the heart to a low temperature, and excised it once medicolegal official announced that the young woman was dead. The heart was kept alive in a heart-lung machine that circulated Washkanskys blood before removing the patients diseased organ and replacing it with the healthy heart. All the procedures were run well and the heart functioned satisfactorily by using the technique which was developed in dogs by the Stanford group[7]. Washkanskys daily progress was followed intensely. In the beginning, he recovered very well. His peripheral edema was lost rapidly as his new heart functioned strongly. However, after 12 days, his condition started to deteriorate and his lungs were developed radiographic infiltrates. The surgical team was not sure if these were associated with cardiac failure from rejection or with infection. Mistakenly, they elected to treat for rejection and intensify the immunosuppressive therapy. They made a wrong decision because Washkansky had pneumonia. As a result, Louis Washkansky died on December 21, 1967. Ø The second patient—Philip Blaiberg Not daunted by the failure, within a year, Christiaan Barnard replaced the diseased heart of Philip Blaiberg who was a fifty eight years old retired dentist. On this occasion, Barnard slightly modified the surgical technique. The incision in the right atrium of the donor heart was extended from the inferior vena cava into the atrial appendage to avoid the area of the sinus node at the root of the superior vena cava.[8] This is the first time when antilymphocyte serum was used in the patient. After heart transplantation, Blaiberg recovered well and he was the first heart transplant patient who can leave hospital. Nevertheless, he died on the 19th month. His autopsy showed that he infected a severe and widespread coronary artery disease. The medical profession was shocked because he had not expected that atherosclerosis could develop such rapidly. This was the first example of graft atherosclerosis, otherwise known as chronic rejection that now dominates as the major cause of graft failure after the first post transplant year. Blaiberg wrote a short book about his experience which was Looking At My Heart[9] before he died. Ø Twin-Heart Operation Christiaan Barnard performed a twin-heart surgery in the year 1974, November 25 as the history of medical had been changed by him again. The only infected part of heart of Ivan Taylor (58 years old) was being removed and replaced with the heart of a child who was only 10 years old. The heart of the child was used to support the patients diseased organ. Although Barnard was confident in this new operation since this was less dangerous compared to the heart implantation, the patient passed away in four- month time. Double transplants was included in twin-heart operation by combining a well heart to the patients heart to produce a double pump, manipulating synthetic heart valves and making the lives of seriously ill people longer by using monkeys hearts. Ø Orthotopic heart transplantation Barnards medical team had only performed ten orthotopic heart transplants between the year 1967 and 1973.[10] The results were outstanding even though the medical standards last time were not as high as todays, as one considers the ancient nature of the immunosuppressive therapy accessible at the time which are mainly azathioprine, corticosteroids, and antilymphocyte serum, and the team was not expert enough in diagnosing and treating rejection episodes since they did not have many experiences in these aspects. Dirk Van Zyl who was the sixth patient was notable in orthotopic heart transplant. His ischemic heart disease was too bad that he had a cardiac arrest when he was anesthesia.[11] At the time of giving external cardiac massage, he was attached to the pump-oxygenator via cannulation of the femoral vessels. He made an ordinary healing from the heart transplant surgery. He did not receive any cyclosporine, only being maintained on azathioprine and prednisone. He died when he was 24 years old from a cerebrovascular accident. Ø Heterotopic heart transplantation Jaques Losman, a junior surgeon, was being set by Barnard on his team in order to develop a surgical technique of heterotopic heart transplantation. This is a kind of transplantation where the second heart is located in the chest and the two hearts have the chance to work in parallel. There are two techniques were successfully developed in the laboratory, in one of which the donor heart help the left ventricle only and another in which biventricular support was offered[12]. Only two left ventricular assist procedures were carried out in patients, the remaining processes were related to biventricular assist. Forty-nine following heterotopic heart transplants were done in Cape Town between 1974 and 1983 with rather excellent results for that period. 3 out of the first 5 of patients managed to live more than 10 years. Two 14-year-old boys, both of whom firstly received heterotopic transplants, went through second (orthotopic) heart transplants for joining atherosclerosis, and were thus the first patients in the world to have two donor hearts in their chest at the same time. The first of these two boys stays alive and healthy 20 years more. In the other, the second transplant also finally failed and he underwent a third graft, again in the orthotopic site, and therefore turned into one of the few humans to have had four hearts in his life-time. One of the advantages of heterotopic heart transplantation was that information on the retrenchment of both the recipient and donor left ventricles could be supplied by an outer pulse trace. The changes in the ratio of these two pulses as the donor pulse deteriorating in relation to the recipient pulse, recommended that rejection was happening.[13] Increase immunosuppressive therapy could then be controlled. If there were any doubts, an endomyocardial biopsy could be performed. The other hypothetical benefit is that, in patients with a severe myocarditis, the back-up that given by the transplant might allow the myocarditis to resolve and the patients own heart to recover. In fact, this had happened in one patient, making it feasible to remove the transplanted heart while it developed a fairly acute rejection episode. Ø Xenotransplantation The heterotopic heart is able to provide temporary circulatory support to a failing native heart, in the hope that the native heart would recover, was extended into the realm of xenotransplantation.[14] On two occasions in 1977, when a patients left ventricle failed acutely after routine open heart surgery and when no human donor organ was available, Barnard transplanted an animal heart heterotopically. On the first occasion, a baboon heart was transplanted, but this failed to support the circulation sufficiently, the patient dying some 6 hours after transplantation. In the second patient, a chimpanzee heart successfully maintained life until irreversible rejection occurred 4 days later, the recipients native heart having failed to recover during this period. Barnard abandoned further attempts at xenotransplantation since, in his own words, â€Å"I became too attached to the chimpanzees.†ÃƒËœ Hypothermic perfusion storage of the donor heart A young biochemist working in Barnards department, Winston Wicomb, a hypothermic perfusion system was developed for storing hearts ex vivo for up to 48 hours. It proved possible to remove a baboons heart, store it by hypothermic perfusion for 24 or 48 hours, and then replace it in the original baboon, the baboon having been maintained alive during this period by an orthotopic cardiac allograft. With the success of this storage system in the laboratory, Barnard encouraged his juniors to use it in the clinical transplant program. This phenomenon of delayed function, suggesting temporary depletion of myocardial energy stores, was believed to be related to the fact that, whereas in the baboon experiments the heart had been removed from a healthy anesthetized animal, in the clinical situation the heart had been excised from a brain-dead subject. 3. Books Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis since he was young, and advancing stiffness in his hands forced his retirement from surgery in 1983. He took up writing, however, and wrote a cardiology text, a (sometimes sensational) autobiography, and several novels, including a thriller about organ transplants. Christiaan Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first book, One Life, was published in 1969 and subsequently sold copies worldwide. Some of the proceeds were used to set up the Chris Barnard Fund for research into heart disease and heart transplants in Cape Town. His second autobiography, The Second Life, was published in 1993. Apart from his autobiographies, Dr Barnard also wrote several other books including The Donor, Your Healthy Heart, In The Night Season, The Best Medicine, Arthritis Handbook: How to Live With Arthritis, Good Life Good Death: A Doctors Case for Euthanasia and Suicide, South Africa: Sharp Dissection, 50 Ways to a Healthy Heart and Body Machine.[15] Christiaan Barnard had influenced much in the current scientific knowledge. His first heart transplant done in 1967 had contributed a lot in the knowledge of heart transplant. In December 1967, Dr. Barnard placed the heart of a 25-year-old woman who had died in an auto accident in the chest of Louis Washkansky, a 55-year-old man dying of heart damage. Barnard and his team of cardiac specialists gave the patient large doses of drugs in order to suppress the bodys defense mechanism that would normally reject a foreign organism. However, Washkanskys body was unable to defend itself against infection and only survived for 18 days.[16] However, Washkanskys brave election to be the first heart transplant recipient had proved the technique feasible. After Barnards successful operations, surgeons in Europe and the United States began performing heart transplants, improving upon the procedures first used in South Africa. Despite many failures worldwide in heart transplant, this relative success did much to generate guarded optimism that heart transplantation might eventually become a feasible therapeutic option. Barnard then developed the operation of heterotrophic heart transplantation which had some benefits in the pre-cyclosporine era when immunosuppressive therapy was very limited. In 1981, his group was the first in successfully transporting donor hearts using a hypothermic perfusion storage device. Several studies on the hemodynamic and metabolic sequelae of brain death were carried out in his Departments cardiovascular research laboratories at the University of Cape Town. The concept of hormonal replacement therapy in organ donors was also developed. In the Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, an active heart transplant program still continues. The thrust of clinical activity within the Division and the research within its state-of-the-art cardiovascular research laboratories is now directed towards valvular and ischaemic heart which are common in the African population.[17] Dr. Barnard had learned much of his technique from studying with the Stanford group. This first clinical heart transplantation experience stimulated world-wide notoriety, and many surgeons quickly co-opted the procedure. However, because many patients were dying soon after, the number of heart transplants dropped from 100 in 1968, to just 18 in 1970. It was recognized that the major problem was the bodys natural tendency to reject the new tissues. Advances in tissue typing and immunosuppressant drugs Over the next 20 years, important advances in tissue typing and immunosuppressant drugs allowed more transplant operations to take place and increased patients survival rates. The most notable development in this area was the discovery of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant drug derived from soil fungus, in the mid 1970s. It was the first immunosuppressive drug that allowed the selective immuneregulation of T cells without excessive toxicity. Todays surgical techniques and procedures are more sophisticated. Refinements in patient selection, newer immunosuppressants, better myocardial protection, and the use of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy to identify rejection have resulted in better survival rates. After his breakthrough, he continued to work with a professional passion that excited the public and frightened his colleagues. He was the first to explore further cardiac techniques. These included double transplants which involved the of joining a healthy heart to the patients to create a double pump, designing artificial heart valves and using monkeys hearts to keep ill people alive. [18] Following the determination of Dr. Barnard, coronary assist devices and mechanical heartsare being developed to perform the functions of live tissues. Since the 1950s, artificial hearts have been under development. A booster pump was first implanted successfully as a temporary assist device in 1966. Barnard made medical history again when he performed a twin-heart operation in 1974, which is seven years after his first heart transplant. This time, he only removed the diseased part of the heart of a 58-year-old man and replaced it with the heart of a 10-year-old child. The donor heart acted as a booster and back-up for the patients disease-ravished organ.[19] However, the patient died within four months even though Barnard was optimistic about this new operation which he believed was less radical than a total implantation. Conclusion Barnard retired as Head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after developing rheumatoid arthritis in his hands, which prevented him from operating. At the time of his retirement, Barnard investigated the controversial â€Å"rejuvenation† therapy offered by the Clinique La Prairie in Switzerland. In particular, he received considerable adverse publicity over his comments with regard to an anti-ageing skin cream, known as Glycel, which was intended to reduce wrinkling. Barnard was also invited to act as a consultant at Baptist Medical Center in Oklahoma City where a new heart transplant program was being planned. In later life spending much of his time at the Baptist Medical Centre in Oklahoma, where he tried to find a way of slowing the ageing process. It seemed he was searching for a miracle to match his first. Despite the problems and techniques faced, Barnard continued to further his knowledge and researches in heart transplant. This has become a n inspiration to the others in the aim to perform more successful heart transplant. The hard-work of Dr. Barnard and his team will be memorized by people forever. Reference 1. Barnard, Christiaan. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 3437500078.html 2. Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard 3. Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 4. Christiaan N. Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_02/ewb_02_00449.html 5. Christiaan Barnard Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Barnard-Christiaan.html 6. Dr Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.dinweb.org/dinweb/DINMuseum/Dr%20Christiaan%20Barnard.asp Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 8. Heart Transplant, History of Heart Transplantation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/cs/pat/hearttx/history.html 9. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3266367g54588th/. Retrieved 24.8.2009. 10. BBC News | HEALTH | Christiaan Barnard: Single-minded surgeon. (2001). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1470356.stm 11. Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/dr-christiaan-barnard 12. Lower, R.R., Shumway, N.E. (1960). Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum, 11, pp. 18-20. 13. Barnard, C.N. (1968). What we have learned about heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 56, pp. 457-468. 14. Blaiberg, P. (1969). Looking at my heart. London: Heinemann. 15. Cooper, D.K.C., Lanza, R.P. (1984). Heart transplantation at the University of Cape Town—an overview (appendix). In Cooper, D.K.C. Lanza, R.P. (Eds.), Heart transplantation (pp. 351-360). Lancaster: MTP Press. 16. Brink, J. (1996). Twenty-three year survival after orthotopic heart transplantation [letter]. J Heart Lung Transplant,15, pp. 430-431. 17. Barnard, C.N., Losman, J.G. (1975). Left ventricular bypass. S Afr Med J, 49, pp. 303-312. 18. Novitzky, D., Cooper, D.K.C., Rose, A.G., Barnard,C.N. (1984). The value of recipient heart assistance during severe acute rejection following heterotopic cardiac transplantation. J Cardiovasc Surg, 25, pp. 287-295. 19. Barnard, C.N., Wolpowitz, A., Losman, J.G. (1977). Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. S Afr Med J, 52, pp. 1035-1039. 20. Cooper, D.K.C. (2001). Christiaan Barnard and his contributions to heart transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 20 (6), 599-610. 21. Brink, J. G., Cooper, D.K.C. (2005). Heart transplantation: The contributions of Christiaan Barnard and the University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital. World Journal of Surgery, 29 (8), 953-961. 22. (Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005; Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005) [1] Barnard, Christiaan. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 3437500078.html [2] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard [3] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 [4] Christiaan N. Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_02/ewb_02_00449.html [5] Christiaan Barnard Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Barnard-Christiaan.html [6] Dr Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.dinweb.org/dinweb/DINMuseum/Dr%20Christiaan%20Barnard.asp [7] Lower, R.R., Shumway, N.E. (1960). Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum, 11, pp. 18-20. [8] Barnard, C.N. (1968). What we have learned about heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 56, pp. 457-468. [9] Blaiberg, P. (1969). Looking at my heart. London: Heinemann. [10] Cooper, D.K.C., Lanza, R.P. (1984). Heart transplantation at the University of Cape Town—an overview (appendix). In Cooper, D.K.C. Lanza, R.P. (Eds.), Heart transplantation (pp. 351-360). Lancaster: MTP Press. [11]Brink, J. (1996). Twenty-three year survival after orthotopic heart transplantation [letter]. J Heart Lung Transplant,15, pp. 430-431. [12] Barnard, C.N., Losman, J.G. (1975). Left ventricular bypass. S Afr Med J, 49, pp. 303-312. [13] Novitzky, D., Cooper, D.K.C., Rose, A.G., Barnard,C.N. (1984). The value of recipient heart assistance during severe acute rejection following heterotopic cardiac transplantation. J Cardiovasc Surg, 25, pp. 287-295. [14] Barnard, C.N., Wolpowitz, A., Losman, J.G. (1977). Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. S Afr Med J, 52, pp. 1035-1039. [15] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 [16] Heart Transplant, History of Heart Transplantation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/cs/pat/hearttx/history.html [17] (Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005; Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005) [18] BBC News | HEALTH | Christiaan Barnard: Single-minded surgeon. (2001). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1470356.stm [19] Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/dr-christiaan-barnard